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The centrioles are two cylindrical, microtubular structures found near the nucleus. When a centriole supports a flagellum or cilium, it is called thebasal body.
The centrioles occur in most of the animal cells, algal cells and some fern cells. They are absent in prokaryotes, red algae, yeast cells and flowering plants and some non -flagellated or non-ciliated protozoans.
The centrioles range in size from 0.15-0.25 �m in diameter. They are usually 0.3-0.7 �m in length.
Each centriole and basal body is formed of nine triplet microtubules equally spaced around a perimeter. Each microtubule has a diameter of 200-260 � in diameter.
The microtubules are made up of a structural protein, tubulin, along with lipid molecules.
It was initially considered that new centrioles arise by the division of existing centrioles. This idea is no longer accepted. It appears that new cen-trioles are produced de novo or are synthesized using an existing centriole as a template.
In most of the animal cells the centrioles are the focal point for the centrosome. The centrosome organizes cytoplasmic microtubules duringinterphase in mitosis. It provides the two poles of the mitotic spindle.
The centrioles form the basal body and the cilia. In spermatozoon one centriole gives rise to the tail fibre or flagellum. The centrioles are also in-volved in ciliary and flagellar activity.
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Multiple Choice Questions on Nucleus
Ion Exchange Chromatography MCQ
MCQ on Thin Layer Chromatography
MCQ on Molecular Biology Techniques
Molecular Biology Multiple Choice
Questions
Molecular Biology MCQ With Answers
MCQ on Bioinformatics – Biological databases
MCQ on Bioinformatics – Pioneers and Terminologies
MCQ on Recombinant DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA Technology MCQ
Multiple Choice Questions on Algae
Multiple Choice Questions on
Environmental Pollution
MCQ on Environmental Pollution
MCQ on Biodiversity and Conservation
MCQ on Biodiversity and Conservation
Planting Techniques - Land preparation and Seed sowing
methods
Lac Insect Culture - Cultivation,
Types, and Uses
Counting Cells using a hemocytometer
Subculturing Adherent Cells and
Suspension Cell Lines
What Is A Subculture? - Types,
Criteria, Techniques
Cell Line – Nomenclature, Types,
Selection, Maintenance
Primary Cell Culture - Definition,
Initiation, Types, Separation
Cell Culture Media and Selection of
Cell Culture Media
Cell Culture Vessels for Animal Cell
Culture
Cell Culture Aseptic Technique -
Principle, Procedure
Cell Culture Lab Equipment List
Laminar Air Flow Hood - Definition,
Parts, Principle, Types, Uses
Animal Tissue Culture Laboratory
Design and Layout
Animal Cell Culture - Definition,
Types, Methods, Applications
Molisch Test - Principle, Procedure,
Result, Limitations
SDS-PAGE for protein separation
protocol
Iodine Test - Principle, Procedure,
Result, Limitations
Fehling’s Test Protocol - Principle,
Procedure, Result, Uses
Benedict's test Protocol: Principle,
Procedure, Reagents, Results
Barfoed's test Protocol: Principle,
Procedure, Result, Applications
Seliwanoff’s Test Protocol:
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Bial’s Test - Principle, Procedure,
Result, Applications
Molisch Test Protocol: Principle,
Procedure, Result
Osazone test Protocol: Principle,
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Mucic acid Test - Principle,
Procedure, Result
Anthrone Test - Principle, Procedure,
Result
Estimation of Hemicelluloses:
Principle, Procedure, Calculation
Pauly’s Test - Definition, Principle,
Procedure, Result
Silver Staining - Principle,
Protocol, Uses, Applications
Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis:
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Saponification Value: Principle,
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Iodine Value - Principle, Procedure,
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Peroxide Value Test - Principle, Reagents,
Procedure
Unsaponifiable Matter - Principle,
Procedure, Calculation
Acid Value - Principle, Procedure,
Reagents, Calculation
Oil Colour - Principle, Procedure,
Observation
Determination of Melting Point Of Fat
Nelson-Somogyi Method of Reducing
Sugars: Principle, Procedure
Dinitrosalicylic Acid Method for
Estimation of Reducing Sugars
Orcinol Method for Estimation of RNA
- Principle, Procedure
Sahli’s Acid Hematin Method for the
Estimation of Hemoglobin
Zaks Method for Estimation of
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Picric Acid Test - For Detection of
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Nylander’s Test (For The Detection of
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Methylene Blue Reduction Test -
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Qualitative Tests for Carbohydrates
Estimation of Lactose in Milk -
Principle, Procedure
KMnO₄ Titration Method For Milk
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Dinitro Salicylic Acid (DNS) Method
for Estimation of Reducing Sugars
Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Method for Total
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Heat Coagulation Test of Proteins
Rapid Furfural Test - Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
Millon’s test – Principle, Procedure, Reaction, Result,
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Xanthoproteic Test - Definition, Principle, Procedure,
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Millon’s test – Principle, Procedure, Reaction, Result,
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Lead Sulfide Test - Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
Hopkin's Cole test - Definition, Principle, Procedure,
Results
Sakaguchi Test - Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result
Rothera’s test - Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result
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Electron transport chain: Definition,
Components, Reactions, Inhibitors
Glycolysis: History, steps, diagram
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TCA Cycle (Citric acid cycle or Krebs
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Lipid and Protein chemical
composition of cell membrane
Glycogenesis: Glycogen, Steps,
Regulation
HMP Shunt Pathway (Hexose Monophosphate)
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Amyloid Plaques: Composition, Types,
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Blood Buffer system – Buffers,
Chloride Shift, Regulation
Derivatives of Monosaccharides:
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Disaccharides: Reducing and
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The Operon Concept - History,
Components of Operon
Homeostasis: Definition, Role of
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Tryptophan (Trp) Operon - Definition,
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Plasma membrane - Definition,
Symmetrical, Asymmetrical Structure
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Every Historical Models of plasma
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Composition of Membrane - Lipids,
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Mitochondrial Biogenesis - Different
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Mitochondria - Definition, History,
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Endoplasmic Reticulum - Structure,
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Classification, and Properties
Properties of Water and Their
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Lampbrush chromosomes - History,
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Proteins: Structure, Classifications,
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Four Organic chemical compounds of
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Cell Junctions - Tight Junctions, Adherens Junctions, Gap
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Color Reactions of Proteins and Amino
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Protein - Types, Structure, Function
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The Wobble Hypothesis - Universal Genetic
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Amino acid – Definition, Structure,
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Lipids - Definition, Properties,
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Coombs Test Direct and Indirect –
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Fluid Mosaic Model of Plasma Membrane
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Bioinformatics – Introduction, History, Scope and
Applications
Biological Databases – Introduction, Types of
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Applications of Bioinformatics in
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What are the various biological
fields in bioinformatics?
Internet: Uses of Internet, Advantages and Limitations
Homologous Orthologous and Paralogous
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Principle, Steps, Results, Applications
Column Chromatography – Definition,
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Types of Spectra - Emission Spectra,
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Southern Blotting - Principle,
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Northern blotting - Principle,
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Autoclave - Definition, Principle,
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Centrifugation – Definition,
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Paper Chromatography - Principle,
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Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) -
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Separation of Amino Acids by Thin
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Ion Exchange Chromatography -
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Basic Principle of Spectroscopy
Parts of Compound Microscope with
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Electron Microscope - Principle,
Types, Sample Preparation, Mechanism
Reflux Apparatus - Components,
Step-up Process
Multiple Choice Questions on Nucleus
Ion Exchange Chromatography MCQ
MCQ on Thin Layer Chromatography
MCQ on Molecular Biology Techniques
Molecular Biology Multiple Choice
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Molecular Biology MCQ With Answers
MCQ on Bioinformatics – Biological databases
MCQ on Bioinformatics – Pioneers and Terminologies
MCQ on Recombinant DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA Technology MCQ
Multiple Choice Questions on Algae
Multiple Choice Questions on
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Gene Therapy - Definition,
Introduction, Types of Gene Therapy
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Types, Applications
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Artificial Vegetative Propagation -
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Five Kingdom System of Classification
– Merits, Demerits
Algae – Definition, Characteristics,
Types, Examples
Photosynthesis – Definition,
Significance, Site of Photosynthesis
Factors affecting Photosynthesis -
Internal Factors and External factors
Biofertilizers and Bio-Pesticides -
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Cereal: Definition, Major Cereals,
Minor Cereals
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Facilities, Technique, Types
Importance of Taxonomy, Rules,
Identifying Characteristics
Onion Root Tip Squash - Preparation
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Plant Extracts - Extraction,
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Phytochemical Screening Methods
Wagner Test for Alkaloids Detection:
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Mayer's Test - Principle, Reagents,
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Extraction From Plant Samples -
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Separation of Compounds - Physical
Methods
International Botanical Nomenclature
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Plant Simple Tissues and Complex
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Meristem Cells: Primary Meristems, Secondary Meristems
Glyoxysomes – Definition, Structure, and Functions
Seed Function – Structure and Functions
Protoplasm – Definition, Components, Features, Functions
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Detection: Principle, Reagents, Procedure
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Applications
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Cycle
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Cancer Cell Biology - DNA Mutations,
Development of Cancer
Leukemia - Definition, Types, Rare
Types, Signs and Symptoms
Cancer Risk Factors - Smoking, Diet,
Genetics, Occupation, Environment
History of Cancer - Ancient to
Present times
Prokaryotic Cell- Characteristics,
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Eukaryotic Cells - Definition,
Characteristics, Structure, Examples
Organelles Unique to Plant and Animal
Cells
Endocytosis - Pinocytosis,
Phagocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis
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Symmetrical, Asymmetrical Structure
Lipid and Protein chemical
composition of cell membrane
Every Historical Models of plasma
membranes explained with a diagram
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Position, structure, Functions
Mitochondrial Biogenesis - Different
hypothesis
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Composition, Functions
Endoplasmic Reticulum - Structure,
Types, Functions, Importance
Lampbrush chromosomes - History,
Definition, Structure, Functions
Nucleus - Definition, History,
Origin, Structure, Functions
Nucleoplasm - Definition, Structure,
components, Functions
Chloroplast - Definition, Origin,
Structure, Components, Functions
Golgi Apparatus - Definition, Origin,
Structure, and Function
Lysosomes - Definition, History,
Structure, Types, Functions
Centriole - Definition, Structure,
Chemical composition, Functions
Cytoskeleton - Structure, Filaments,
Microtubules, Functions
Peroxisome - Structure, Working
Mechanisms, Functions
Plastids - Definition, Structure,
Types, Functions
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA):
Structure, Chargaff's Rule
Genes: Definition, Mechanism,
Structure, characteristics, Functions
Nuclear membrane - Definition,
structure, Parts, Functions
Ribosomes - Definition, origin,
Types, Structure, Functions
Discovery of Cells and the
Development of Cell Theory
Cancer Cell Biology - DNA Mutations,
Development of Cancer
Leukemia - Definition, Types, Rare
Types, Signs and Symptoms
Cancer Risk Factors - Smoking, Diet,
Genetics, Occupation, Environment
History of Cancer - Ancient to
Present times
Homogeneous Mixture Definition
Chemistry Example
Geometry of Molecules VSEPR Theory
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test –
Abnormal GTT Curve, Factors Affecting GTT
Bleeding Time – Principle, Procedure,
Reagents, Discussion
DAM Method for Estimation of Urea in
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Fiske and Subbarow’s Method -
Phosphorus in Serum and Urine
Plasma and Serum Isolation Methods
Urine Crystals – Types, Shapes,
Color, Causes
O-toluidine Method for Estimation of
Blood Glucose
Caraway Method for Estimation of Uric
Acid
Clinical Laboratory - Definition,
Levels, Organization, and Structure
Estimation of Chloride in the Urine
and Serum: Principle and Procedure
Blood Grouping (ABO) - Principle,
Requirements, and Procedure
ABO Blood Grouping - Principle,
Procedure, and Observation
Types of Signalling - Paracrine,
Endocrine, Autocrine, Direct Signaling
10 New and Outstanding Methods of
Water Conservation
Analysis of pH of Waste Water Sample
– Procedure, Result, Interpretation
Dissolved Oxygen analysis Winkler
Method
Analysis of total, permanent and
temporary hardness of water
Analysis of Water Temperature, Color,
Taste, and Odor
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) for
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Determination of Water Turbidity by
Nephelometry
Food chain – Definition, Types,
examples explained with diagrams
Environment - Introduction,
Definition, Segments, Scope
Biodiversity - Definition, Types, and
Community diversities
Edaphic factors - Soil formation,
Soil types, and Soil Profile
Threats to Biodiversity - Factors
Responsible For Threat to Biodiversity
Ecology - Definition, Branches,
Ecological equivalents
Climatic Factors - Definition, Types,
Effects, Examples
Topographic Factors - Latitude,
Altitude, Direction, Steepness of Mountain
Forests - Uses of Forest and Over
Exploitation of Forest
Deforestation: Problems with Forests,
Deforestation, Causes, Conservation
Water Resources - Definition,
Availability, and Domestic Purposes
Water Uses - Consumption in Major
Sectors, Over Exploitation
Mineral Resources - Types of Mineral
Resources, Impacts of Mining
Non-Renewable Energy Resources -
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Renewable energy resources - Wind,
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Air Pollution - Types, Causes, Effects, and Control
Secondary Consumer – Definition, Examples, Functions, and
Types
Energy Plantations - Social Forestry, Silviculture Energy
Farms
9 Terrestrial Biomes - Definition, 9
Types of Terrestrial Biomes
Food Chain of Forest Ecosystem
Function of Ecosystem - Food Chain, Food Web
Zones of the atmosphere - 5 Main Zones of Atmosphere
Herbivores, Omnivores, and Carnivores
Animals
Enzyme Inhibition – Types Reversible
inhibition, Irreversible inhibition
Determination of acid phosphatase
(ACP) King, 1965
Determination of Alkaline Phosphatase
(ALP) King and Armstrong, 1934
Assay of Lactate Dehydrogenase -
Principle, Procedure, Result
Allosteric Enzymes - Definition,
Properties and Mechanism
Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes
Urey and Miller Experiment -
Experimental Approach to the Origin of Life
Evidences for Biological Evolution
and Molecular Evidences
Evidence for Evolution - Morphological,
Embryological, Palaeontological
Fossil Formation - Mechanism, Determination of Age of
Fossils
Inheritance of Acquired Characters
Human Evolution - Origin of mammals, Human Ancestral Forms
Genetics - Sub-disciplines, Heredity
and Variation
Seliwanoff’s Test for Cane sugar:
Principle, Procedure, Result, Limitations
Urea in Milk - Qualitative and
Quantitative Estimation
Food Preservation - Definition,
Importance, Principles
Cheese Microbiology - Steps in
Preparation, Types of Cheese
Moist Cooking Methods - Types,
Advantages and Disadvantages
Food Preservation by Low Temperatures
- Chill Storage, Freezing
Factors that Influence Growth of
Microorganisms in Food
Dairy microbiology - Source,
Standard, Grading
Genetically Modified Foods and Crops
- Advantages and Disadvantages
Genetic Engineering in Production of
Medicine
Ethical Issues Related to Genetically
Modified Organisms
Sex linkage in Drosophila - Limited,
Linked, Influenced Traits
Examples of Transgenic Plants -
Definition, Benefits
Cresyl violet staining - Principle,
Procedure, Result, interpretation
Nissl staining - Procedure, Result,
interpretation
Congo Red Stain - Principle,
Procedure, Result, Interpretation
Toluidine Blue Stain - Protocol for Mast Cells
Ziehl Neelsen Staining - Principle, Procedure,
Results
Von Kossa and Alcian Blue Stain For
Calcium Deposits or Salts
Von Kossa Staining Protocol for Calcium Deposits
Van Gieson Staining Protocol Collagen
and Smooth Muscle
Toluidine Blue Staining Protocol for
Staining Mast Cells
Southgate's Mucicarmine Staining
Protocol for Mucin
PicroSirius red Staining Protocol for
Collagen - NotesHippo
Safranin-O Staining Protocol for Cartilage
Verhoeff-Van Gieson (VVG) Staining
Protocol for Elastic Tissue Fibers
Tris Buffered Saline (TBS): Preparation and Recipe
Tris HCl: Preparation and Recipe
Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS):
Preparation and Recipe
Masson's Trichrome Staining Protocol
for Collagen Fibers
Pap Stain Procedure in Cytology
PAS Staining Protocol for Frozen
Sections
Infection - Epidemiology,
Transmission, Etiology, Diagnosis
Vaccine - Characteristics and Types
of Vaccine
Marine Toxins - Definition, Sources,
Types, Diagnosis, Treatment
Algae – Definition, Characteristics,
Types, Examples
Chitin Isolation - Principle,
Materials, Sample Preparations
Chitosan Isolation - Principle,
Procedure, Uses, Limitations
Marine Environmental zones - Zones,
Benthic and Pelagic organisms
Adaptations of Fishes - Structural
and Functional Adaptations
Bacterial Culture - Definition,
Types, Uses, Disadvantages
Industrial Fermentation - Basic
Design, Media Preparation, Production
Staphylococcus aureus – Virulence,
Pathogenicity, Diagnosis, Treatment
Types of Mutagens - Physical,
Chemical Mutagens, Mode of Action
Bacterial Transduction- Definition,
Principle, Steps, and Examples
Vector - Characteristics,
Classification, Types, Applications
Virus - Definition, Classification,
Structure - NotesHippo
Viral replication - Bacteriophages,
Animal Cells, Plant Cells
Virus Cultivation Methods –
Definition, Types, Techniques
Virus Diseases in Humans - Airborne,
Food, Water Transmission
Factors Affecting Microbial Growth -
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Structure of Amoeba Proteus,
functions, and its Life cycle
Vaccine - Characteristics and Types
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Malaria - Life cycle, Diagnosis,
Prevention, Treatment
LAC Operon - Definition, Structure,
Conditions, Regulations
Tryptophan (Trp) Operon - Definition,
Structure, Functions, Regulation
Bacterial Growth Curve - Phases,
Alterations of the cells
The Operon Concept - History,
Components of Operon
Antimicrobial Chemical Agents - 10
Important Agents
Measuring Effectiveness of
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Antibiotics - Development of
Antibiotics, Classification
Spontaneous Generation Theory
Explains the Origin of Life
Notes on Disproving Spontaneous
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Theory of Biogenesis Definition and
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Role of Microbes in Industrial
Products
10 common Virus Disease in Humans
Symptom, Prevention, Treatment
Anaerobic jars - Procedure, Catalyst, Indicator,
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Amoeba Locomotion - Simple Mechanism Of Amoeba Locomotion
Locomotion in Bacteria - Flagellar, Spirochetal,
Gliding movement
Experiments in support and against
Spontaneous Generation
Simple Staining Technique –
Definition, Principle, Procedure
Eubacteria – Meaning, Types, and
Examples
Staphylococcus aureus - Biochemical
Test, Identification
Different Size, Shape and Arrangement
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Pure Culture of Microorganisms - 5
Methods
Economic Importance of Fungi -
Positive and Negative Roles
Bacterial Spores - Definition,
Sporulation Stages, Germination, Uses
Methods for Isolating Pure Culture
Economic Importance of Fungi in
Industry
Economic Importance of Fungi in
Medicine
Three Domain System of Classification
Opportunistic Microorganisms with
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Catalase Test: Principle, Procedure,
Types, Results, Limitations
Urease Test: Principle. Procedure,
Results, Limitations
MacConkey agar – Principle,
Applications, Preparation
Benedict’s test - Principle,
Procedure, Result Interpretation
Methyl Red test – Principle,
Reagents, Procedure, Interpretation
Acid fast staining – Principle,
Procedure, Steps, Results
Capsule Staining – Introduction,
Principle, Procedure, Results
Voges Proskauer Test – Principle,
Procedure, Results
Indole Test – Principle, Procedure,
Result, Interpretation
Phenol Red Fermentation Test –
Principle, Procedure, Interpretation
Mannitol Salt Agar - Principle,
Composition, Procedure, Results
Coagulase Test – Principle,
Procedure, Result, Limitations
Hanging Drop Method Protocol for
Bacterial Motility
Heat and Alcohol Smear Fixation
Protocol for Bacterial Culture
Pyruvate Broth Test - Principle,
Procedure, Interpretation, Uses
Butyrate Disk Test – Principle,
Procedure, Interpretation, and Limitations
Leucine Amino Peptidase (LAP) Test -
Principle, Procedure, Result
Lipase Test - Principle, Procedure,
Result, Applications
Beta Lactamase Test - Principle,
Procedure, Result Interpretation
Starch Casein Agar - Principle,
Composition, Preparation, Applications
MRS Broth Test - Principle, Procedure,
Result, Interpretation
Nitrate Reduction Test – Principle,
Procedure, Result, Interpretation
Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA) Test
-Principle, Procedure
Simmons Citrate Agar - Principle,
Procedure, Result, Limitations
Nutrient Agar - Principle,
Composition, Applications, Limitations
Gelatin Hydrolysis Test - Principle,
Procedure, Results, Applications
PYR test - Principle, Procedure,
Results and Limitations
Blood Agar - Principle, Composition,
Preparation, and Applications
Oxidase Test Protocol - Principle,
Procedure, Reagents, Result
Albert stain - Principle, Procedure,
Applications, and Limitations
Simple Stain - Principle, Materials,
Procedure, Result
Carbohydrate Fermentation Test -
Principle, Procedure
Negative Staining - Principle,
Procedure, Result observation
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Production
Test: Principle, Procedure
OF Test (Oxidative Fermentation
Test): Principle, Procedure
DNase Test - Principle, Procedure
Novobiocin Susceptibility Test –
Principle, Procedure, Results
Ames test - Principle, Procedure,
Observation, Advantages
Starch Hydrolysis Test - Principle,
Procedure, Results, Uses
Spread Plate Method - Principle,
Procedure, Uses, Limitations
Litmus Milk Medium Test - Principle,
Procedure, Result
Kligler Iron Agar - Principle,
Procedure, Results, Uses
Casein Hydrolysis Test - Principle,
Procedure, Result
Serial Dilution - Definition, Procedure, Calculation,
Uses
Gene: Definition, Structure, Simple
and Complex Transcription
Difference between Coding and
Non-Coding DNA
Eukaryotic Chromosomes – Structure,
Organization, Components
Mobile DNA - Mobile Genetic Elements
in Human Genome
DNA Mutation – Definition, Causes,
Consequences, Types
Meselson and Stahl Experiment - Mode
of DNA Replication
DNA Replication Enzymes - Structure,
Function
DNA Replication - Definition,
Enzymes, Steps, Mechanism
DNA Transcription – Definition,
Steps, Post-transcriptional Modifications
Purine and Pyrimidine Bases of
Nucleic Acids
Nucleosides and Nucleotides -
Structure and Properties
The Operon Concept - History,
Components of Operon
Cell Cycle – Definition, Phases,
Regulation, Checkpoints
LAC Operon - Definition, Structure,
Conditions, Regulations
Tryptophan (Trp) Operon - Definition,
Structure, Functions, Regulation
RT-PCR - Principle, Reagents, and
Procedure
Virus, Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic
Chromosomes - NotesHippo
Polytene Chromosomes - Definition,
History, Structure, Functions
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA):
Structure, Chargaff's Rule
Genes: Definition, Mechanism,
Structure, characteristics, Functions
RNA Isolation Protocol - Principle,
Reagents, Procedure, Concentration
RNA Isolation Protocol - Principle,
Reagents, Procedure, Concentration
RNA Processing Events - 5' Cap,
Poly-A Tail, Splicing
Patch-Clamp Technique - Principle, Configurations,
Types, Applications
Mitotic Phase of Cell Cycle - Mitosis
and Cytokinesis
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans
mRNA Processing Steps in Eukaryotes
Importance of Taxonomy, Rules,
Identifying Characteristics
Structure of Amoeba Proteus,
functions, and its Life cycle
Meiosis in grasshopper testis -
Identification of different stage
Ocular Micrometer and Stage
Micrometer
Internal Anatomy of Earthworm Diagram
8 Characteristics of Life biology:
Defining characteristics
Reproductive System of an Earthworm,
Copulation, Cocoon formation
Digestive System in Frogs and
Physiology of Digestion
Urogenital System of Frog Explained
with Diagram
Economic Importance of Earthworm
Digestive System of Earthworms and
Physiology of Digestion
Circulatory System of Earthworms
Morphology and Anatomy of Frogs
Reproductive System of Frog - Male and Female Frog
Pseudocoelomate Animals - Definition
and Examples
Incomplete Metamorphosis - Stages and Examples
Classification of Living Organisms
Animal locomotion - Lower Animals,
Higher Animals and Plants
3 Types of Heterotrophic Nutrition
Process Of Nutrition in Animals -
Definition, Types
Asexual Reproduction Explained With Examples
How Do Frogs Breathe On Land And In
Water?
Lac Insect Culture - Cultivation,
Types, and Uses
Fish By-products and Their Uses
Poisonous and Non-Poisonous Snakes
Difference
Developmental Stages of Chick Embryo
Zoology
Types of Scales in Fishes with
Diagram
Reproduction in Protozoa with Diagram
Bombyx Mori Biology and Life Cycle
(Mulberry Silkworm)
External Morphology of Bombyx Mori
Sexual Vs Asexual Reproduction
Scientific Investigation Steps in
Order
Difference between Heterotrophs and
Autotrophs
Herbivores, Omnivores, and Carnivores
Animals
Levels of Organization of Living
Things in Order
Human Body Cavities and Their Organs
Protista Kingdom Classification
Types of Microorganisms and Their
Characteristics
Multiple Choice Questions on Nucleus
Ion Exchange Chromatography MCQ
MCQ on Thin Layer Chromatography
MCQ on Molecular Biology Techniques
Molecular Biology Multiple Choice
Questions
Molecular Biology MCQ With Answers
MCQ on Bioinformatics – Biological databases
MCQ on Bioinformatics – Pioneers and Terminologies
MCQ on Recombinant DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA Technology MCQ
Multiple Choice Questions on Algae
Multiple Choice Questions on
Environmental Pollution
MCQ on Environmental Pollution
MCQ on Biodiversity and Conservation
MCQ on Biodiversity and Conservation
Planting Techniques - Land preparation and Seed sowing
methods
Lac Insect Culture - Cultivation,
Types, and Uses
Counting Cells using a hemocytometer
Subculturing Adherent Cells and
Suspension Cell Lines
What Is A Subculture? - Types,
Criteria, Techniques
Cell Line – Nomenclature, Types,
Selection, Maintenance
Primary Cell Culture - Definition,
Initiation, Types, Separation
Cell Culture Media and Selection of
Cell Culture Media
Cell Culture Vessels for Animal Cell
Culture
Cell Culture Aseptic Technique -
Principle, Procedure
Cell Culture Lab Equipment List
Laminar Air Flow Hood - Definition,
Parts, Principle, Types, Uses
Animal Tissue Culture Laboratory
Design and Layout
Animal Cell Culture - Definition,
Types, Methods, Applications
Molisch Test - Principle, Procedure,
Result, Limitations
SDS-PAGE for protein separation
protocol
Iodine Test - Principle, Procedure,
Result, Limitations
Fehling’s Test Protocol - Principle,
Procedure, Result, Uses
Benedict's test Protocol: Principle,
Procedure, Reagents, Results
Barfoed's test Protocol: Principle,
Procedure, Result, Applications
Seliwanoff’s Test Protocol:
Principle, Procedure, Result
Bial’s Test - Principle, Procedure,
Result, Applications
Molisch Test Protocol: Principle,
Procedure, Result
Osazone test Protocol: Principle,
Procedure, Result
Mucic acid Test - Principle, Procedure,
Result
Anthrone Test - Principle, Procedure,
Result
Estimation of Hemicelluloses:
Principle, Procedure, Calculation
Pauly’s Test - Definition, Principle,
Procedure, Result
Silver Staining - Principle,
Protocol, Uses, Applications
Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis:
Principle, Procedure, Result, Limitations
Saponification Value: Principle,
Procedure, Result, Calculation
Iodine Value - Principle, Procedure,
Result, Calculation
Peroxide Value Test - Principle,
Reagents, Procedure
Unsaponifiable Matter - Principle,
Procedure, Calculation
Acid Value - Principle, Procedure,
Reagents, Calculation
Oil Colour - Principle, Procedure,
Observation
Determination of Melting Point Of Fat
Nelson-Somogyi Method of Reducing
Sugars: Principle, Procedure
Dinitrosalicylic Acid Method for
Estimation of Reducing Sugars
Orcinol Method for Estimation of RNA
- Principle, Procedure
Sahli’s Acid Hematin Method for the
Estimation of Hemoglobin
Zaks Method for Estimation of
Cholesterol
Picric Acid Test - For Detection of
Reducing Sugars
Nylander’s Test (For The Detection of
Reducing Sugars)
Methylene Blue Reduction Test -
Principle, Procedure
Qualitative Tests for Carbohydrates
Estimation of Lactose in Milk -
Principle, Procedure
KMnO₄ Titration Method For Milk
Calcium
Dinitro Salicylic Acid (DNS) Method
for Estimation of Reducing Sugars
Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Method for Total
Carbohydrates
Heat Coagulation Test of Proteins
Rapid Furfural Test - Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
Millon’s test – Principle, Procedure, Reaction, Result,
and Uses
Xanthoproteic Test - Definition, Principle, Procedure,
Result
Millon’s test – Principle, Procedure, Reaction, Result,
and Uses
Lead Sulfide Test - Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
Hopkin's Cole test - Definition, Principle, Procedure,
Results
Sakaguchi Test - Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result
Rothera’s test - Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result
RBC Count Method - Requirements, Procedure, and
Calculation
Electron transport chain: Definition,
Components, Reactions, Inhibitors
Glycolysis: History, steps, diagram
and enzymes, Product with Diagram
TCA Cycle (Citric acid cycle or Krebs
cycle): Steps and Products
Lipid and Protein chemical
composition of cell membrane
Glycogenesis: Glycogen, Steps,
Regulation
HMP Shunt Pathway (Hexose Monophosphate)
- Location, Steps, Product
Amyloid Plaques: Composition, Types,
Location, Features
Blood Buffer system – Buffers,
Chloride Shift, Regulation
Derivatives of Monosaccharides:
Functions and Importance
Disaccharides: Reducing and
Non-reducing Disaccharides with Examples
The Operon Concept - History,
Components of Operon
Homeostasis: Definition, Role of
Various Systems of the Body
Tryptophan (Trp) Operon - Definition,
Structure, Functions, Regulation
LAC Operon - Definition, Structure,
Conditions, Regulations
Plasma membrane - Definition,
Symmetrical, Asymmetrical Structure
What Are Biomolecules and What Is
Metabolic Process Study?
Every Historical Models of plasma
membranes explained with a diagram
Composition of Membrane - Lipids,
Proteins, Carbohydrates
Mitochondrial Biogenesis - Different
hypothesis
Mitochondria - Definition, History,
Position, structure, Functions
Endoplasmic Reticulum - Structure,
Types, Functions, Importance
Amino acids: Definition, Structure,
Classification, and Properties
Properties of Water and Their
Importance to Living Organisms
Lampbrush chromosomes - History,
Definition, Structure, Functions
Proteins: Structure, Classifications,
Properties and Functions
Four Organic chemical compounds of
living things
Cell Junctions - Tight Junctions, Adherens Junctions, Gap
Junctions
Color Reactions of Proteins and Amino
Acids
Methods to Determine Protein Primary
Structure
Protein - Types, Structure, Function
Relationship
The Wobble Hypothesis - Universal Genetic
Code
Amino acid – Definition, Structure,
Classification, Properties and Functions
Lipids - Definition, Properties,
Structure, Types, and Functions
Membrane Lipids - Definition, Composition, Functions
What are Genetic Code - Definition, History, Chart,
Properties
Coombs Test Direct and Indirect –
Principle, Procedure, Result
Catabolism of Amino Acids Steps
What Is Facilitated Diffusion in
Biology
Fluid Mosaic Model of Plasma Membrane
Scientific Investigation Steps in
Order
Exocytosis and Endocytosis Process
Selective Permeability of Cell
Membrane
Bioinformatics – Introduction, History, Scope and
Applications
Biological Databases – Introduction, Types of
Databases
Applications of Bioinformatics in
Various Fields
What are the various biological
fields in bioinformatics?
Internet: Uses of Internet, Advantages and Limitations
Homologous Orthologous and Paralogous
Sequences
Western Blotting – Introduction,
Principle, Steps, Results, Applications
Column Chromatography – Definition,
Types, Advantages
Types of Spectra - Emission Spectra,
Absorption Spectra and Type
Southern Blotting - Principle,
Requirements, Procedure, Applications
Northern blotting - Principle,
Procedure, Result, Applications
Eastern Blotting - Principle,
Procedure, Applications, Limitations
Autoclave - Definition, Principle,
Parts, Types, Safety
Centrifugation – Definition,
Principle, Types, Applications
Paper Chromatography - Principle,
Instrumentation, Procedure, Applications
Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) -
Principle, Requirements, Procedure
Separation of Amino Acids by Thin
Layer Chromatography
Gel Filtration Chromatography -
Principle, Components, Steps
Affinity Chromatography - Principle,
Types, Instrumentation, Steps
Ion Exchange Chromatography -
Principle, Instrumentation, Steps
High Performance Liquid
Chromatography (HPLC)
High-Performance Thin Layer
Chromatography (HPTLC)
Sonicator - Definition, Principle, Methods, and
Applications
Differences between Light Microscope
and Electron Microscope
Difference between Compound
Microscope and Simple Microscope
Simple Microscope – Definition,
Principle, Parts, Uses
Compound Microscope Principle,
Structure, Types, and Application
Compound Microscope Diagram Structure
and Principle
Basic Principle of Spectroscopy
Parts of Compound Microscope with
functions and Labelled Diagram
Phase Contrast Microscopy -
Principle, Components, Mechanism
Fluorescence Microscopy – Principle,
Components, Mechanism
Electron Microscope - Principle,
Types, Sample Preparation, Mechanism
Reflux Apparatus - Components,
Step-up Process
Multiple Choice Questions on Nucleus
Ion Exchange Chromatography MCQ
MCQ on Thin Layer Chromatography
MCQ on Molecular Biology Techniques
Molecular Biology Multiple Choice
Questions
Molecular Biology MCQ With Answers
MCQ on Bioinformatics – Biological databases
MCQ on Bioinformatics – Pioneers and Terminologies
MCQ on Recombinant DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA Technology MCQ
Multiple Choice Questions on Algae
Multiple Choice Questions on Environmental
Pollution
MCQ on Environmental Pollution
MCQ on Biodiversity and Conservation
MCQ on Biodiversity and Conservation
Gene Therapy - Definition,
Introduction, Types of Gene Therapy
Ex-Vivo Gene Therapy - Definition,
Vectors Types, Treatment Examples
In Vivo Gene Therapy - Definition,
Vectors Types, Treatment Examples
Continuous Culture - Definition, Principle, Process,
Types, Applications
Two Kingdom Classification System –
Plantae, and Animalia
Artificial Vegetative Propagation -
Conventional, Modern Methods
Five Kingdom System of Classification
– Merits, Demerits
Algae – Definition, Characteristics,
Types, Examples
Photosynthesis – Definition,
Significance, Site of Photosynthesis
Factors affecting Photosynthesis -
Internal Factors and External factors
Biofertilizers and Bio-Pesticides -
Definition, Types, Applications
Plant Breeding - Definition,
Selection, types, Hybridization
Cereal: Definition, Major Cereals,
Minor Cereals
Plant Tissue Culture - Laboratory
Facilities, Technique, Types
Importance of Taxonomy, Rules,
Identifying Characteristics
Onion Root Tip Squash - Preparation
and Observation
Onion Root Tip Metaphase Observation
Using Acetocarmine Stain
Staining Onion Cells with Methylene
Blue
Plant Extracts - Extraction,
Preparation Methods
Phytochemical Screening Methods
Wagner Test for Alkaloids Detection:
Principle, and Procedure
Mayer's Test - Principle, Reagents,
and Procedure
Extraction From Plant Samples -
Techniques for Enhanced Extraction
Separation of Compounds - Physical
Methods
International Botanical Nomenclature
(ICBN)
Plant Simple Tissues and Complex
Tissues
Meristem Cells: Primary Meristems, Secondary Meristems
Glyoxysomes – Definition, Structure, and Functions
Seed Function – Structure and Functions
Protoplasm – Definition, Components, Features, Functions
Vegetative Propagation - Definition, Types, Examples
Dragendorff's Test Alkaloids
Detection: Principle, Reagents, Procedure
What is Meristem Culture - Definition, Process,
Applications
Economic Importance of Pteridophytes
Life Cycle of Funaria – Vegetative and Sexual Life
Cycle
Air sampling methods in Palynology
Scientific Investigation Steps in
Order
Difference between Heterotrophs and
Autotrophs
Protista Kingdom Classification
Photosynthetic Apparatus and Summary
of Photosynthesis
Vascular Plants Common
Characteristics
Cancer Cell Biology - DNA Mutations,
Development of Cancer
Leukemia - Definition, Types, Rare
Types, Signs and Symptoms
Cancer Risk Factors - Smoking, Diet,
Genetics, Occupation, Environment
History of Cancer - Ancient to
Present times
Prokaryotic Cell- Characteristics,
Structure, Division, Examples
Eukaryotic Cells - Definition,
Characteristics, Structure, Examples
Organelles Unique to Plant and Animal
Cells
Endocytosis - Pinocytosis,
Phagocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Plasma membrane - Definition,
Symmetrical, Asymmetrical Structure
Lipid and Protein chemical
composition of cell membrane
Every Historical Models of plasma
membranes explained with a diagram
Mitochondria - Definition, History,
Position, structure, Functions
Mitochondrial Biogenesis - Different
hypothesis
Microtubule - Structure, Chemical
Composition, Functions
Endoplasmic Reticulum - Structure,
Types, Functions, Importance
Lampbrush chromosomes - History,
Definition, Structure, Functions
Nucleus - Definition, History,
Origin, Structure, Functions
Nucleoplasm - Definition, Structure,
components, Functions
Chloroplast - Definition, Origin,
Structure, Components, Functions
Golgi Apparatus - Definition, Origin,
Structure, and Function
Lysosomes - Definition, History,
Structure, Types, Functions
Centriole - Definition, Structure,
Chemical composition, Functions
Cytoskeleton - Structure, Filaments,
Microtubules, Functions
Peroxisome - Structure, Working Mechanisms,
Functions
Plastids - Definition, Structure,
Types, Functions
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA):
Structure, Chargaff's Rule
Genes: Definition, Mechanism,
Structure, characteristics, Functions
Nuclear membrane - Definition,
structure, Parts, Functions
Ribosomes - Definition, origin,
Types, Structure, Functions
Discovery of Cells and the
Development of Cell Theory
Cancer Cell Biology - DNA Mutations,
Development of Cancer
Leukemia - Definition, Types, Rare
Types, Signs and Symptoms
Cancer Risk Factors - Smoking, Diet,
Genetics, Occupation, Environment
History of Cancer - Ancient to
Present times
Homogeneous Mixture Definition
Chemistry Example
Geometry of Molecules VSEPR Theory
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test –
Abnormal GTT Curve, Factors Affecting GTT
Bleeding Time – Principle, Procedure,
Reagents, Discussion
DAM Method for Estimation of Urea in
Urine
Fiske and Subbarow’s Method -
Phosphorus in Serum and Urine
Plasma and Serum Isolation Methods
Urine Crystals – Types, Shapes,
Color, Causes
O-toluidine Method for Estimation of
Blood Glucose
Caraway Method for Estimation of Uric
Acid
Clinical Laboratory - Definition,
Levels, Organization, and Structure
Estimation of Chloride in the Urine
and Serum: Principle and Procedure
Blood Grouping (ABO) - Principle,
Requirements, and Procedure
ABO Blood Grouping - Principle,
Procedure, and Observation
Types of Signalling - Paracrine,
Endocrine, Autocrine, Direct Signaling
10 New and Outstanding Methods of
Water Conservation
Analysis of pH of Waste Water Sample
– Procedure, Result, Interpretation
Dissolved Oxygen analysis Winkler
Method
Analysis of total, permanent and
temporary hardness of water
Analysis of Water Temperature, Color,
Taste, and Odor
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) for
Waste Water Analysis
Determination of Water Turbidity by
Nephelometry
Food chain – Definition, Types,
examples explained with diagrams
Environment - Introduction,
Definition, Segments, Scope
Biodiversity - Definition, Types, and
Community diversities
Edaphic factors - Soil formation,
Soil types, and Soil Profile
Threats to Biodiversity - Factors
Responsible For Threat to Biodiversity
Ecology - Definition, Branches,
Ecological equivalents
Climatic Factors - Definition, Types,
Effects, Examples
Topographic Factors - Latitude,
Altitude, Direction, Steepness of Mountain
Forests - Uses of Forest and Over
Exploitation of Forest
Deforestation: Problems with Forests,
Deforestation, Causes, Conservation
Water Resources - Definition,
Availability, and Domestic Purposes
Water Uses - Consumption in Major
Sectors, Over Exploitation
Mineral Resources - Types of Mineral
Resources, Impacts of Mining
Non-Renewable Energy Resources -
Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas
Renewable energy resources - Wind,
Solar, Geothermal, Biomass
Air Pollution - Types, Causes, Effects, and Control
Secondary Consumer – Definition, Examples, Functions, and
Types
Energy Plantations - Social Forestry, Silviculture Energy
Farms
9 Terrestrial Biomes - Definition, 9
Types of Terrestrial Biomes
Food Chain of Forest Ecosystem
Function of Ecosystem - Food Chain, Food Web
Zones of the atmosphere - 5 Main Zones of Atmosphere
Herbivores, Omnivores, and Carnivores
Animals
Enzyme Inhibition – Types Reversible
inhibition, Irreversible inhibition
Determination of acid phosphatase
(ACP) King, 1965
Determination of Alkaline Phosphatase
(ALP) King and Armstrong, 1934
Assay of Lactate Dehydrogenase -
Principle, Procedure, Result
Allosteric Enzymes - Definition,
Properties and Mechanism
Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes
Urey and Miller Experiment -
Experimental Approach to the Origin of Life
Evidences for Biological Evolution
and Molecular Evidences
Evidence for Evolution - Morphological,
Embryological, Palaeontological
Fossil Formation - Mechanism, Determination of Age of
Fossils
Inheritance of Acquired Characters
Human Evolution - Origin of mammals, Human Ancestral Forms
Genetics - Sub-disciplines, Heredity
and Variation
Seliwanoff’s Test for Cane sugar:
Principle, Procedure, Result, Limitations
Urea in Milk - Qualitative and
Quantitative Estimation
Food Preservation - Definition,
Importance, Principles
Cheese Microbiology - Steps in
Preparation, Types of Cheese
Moist Cooking Methods - Types,
Advantages and Disadvantages
Food Preservation by Low Temperatures
- Chill Storage, Freezing
Factors that Influence Growth of
Microorganisms in Food
Dairy microbiology - Source,
Standard, Grading
Genetically Modified Foods and Crops
- Advantages and Disadvantages
Genetic Engineering in Production of
Medicine
Ethical Issues Related to Genetically
Modified Organisms
Sex linkage in Drosophila - Limited,
Linked, Influenced Traits
Examples of Transgenic Plants -
Definition, Benefits
Cresyl violet staining - Principle,
Procedure, Result, interpretation
Nissl staining - Procedure, Result,
interpretation
Congo Red Stain - Principle,
Procedure, Result, Interpretation
Toluidine Blue Stain - Protocol for Mast Cells
Ziehl Neelsen Staining - Principle, Procedure,
Results
Von Kossa and Alcian Blue Stain For
Calcium Deposits or Salts
Von Kossa Staining Protocol for Calcium Deposits
Van Gieson Staining Protocol Collagen
and Smooth Muscle
Toluidine Blue Staining Protocol for
Staining Mast Cells
Southgate's Mucicarmine Staining
Protocol for Mucin
PicroSirius red Staining Protocol for
Collagen - NotesHippo
Safranin-O Staining Protocol for Cartilage
Verhoeff-Van Gieson (VVG) Staining
Protocol for Elastic Tissue Fibers
Tris Buffered Saline (TBS): Preparation and Recipe
Tris HCl: Preparation and Recipe
Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS):
Preparation and Recipe
Masson's Trichrome Staining Protocol
for Collagen Fibers
Pap Stain Procedure in Cytology
PAS Staining Protocol for Frozen
Sections
Infection - Epidemiology,
Transmission, Etiology, Diagnosis
Vaccine - Characteristics and Types
of Vaccine
Marine Toxins - Definition, Sources,
Types, Diagnosis, Treatment
Algae – Definition, Characteristics,
Types, Examples
Chitin Isolation - Principle,
Materials, Sample Preparations
Chitosan Isolation - Principle,
Procedure, Uses, Limitations
Marine Environmental zones - Zones,
Benthic and Pelagic organisms
Adaptations of Fishes - Structural
and Functional Adaptations
Bacterial Culture - Definition,
Types, Uses, Disadvantages
Industrial Fermentation - Basic
Design, Media Preparation, Production
Staphylococcus aureus – Virulence,
Pathogenicity, Diagnosis, Treatment
Types of Mutagens - Physical,
Chemical Mutagens, Mode of Action
Bacterial Transduction- Definition,
Principle, Steps, and Examples
Vector - Characteristics,
Classification, Types, Applications
Virus - Definition, Classification,
Structure - NotesHippo
Viral replication - Bacteriophages,
Animal Cells, Plant Cells
Virus Cultivation Methods –
Definition, Types, Techniques
Virus Diseases in Humans - Airborne,
Food, Water Transmission
Factors Affecting Microbial Growth -
Physical, Chemical Factors
Structure of Amoeba Proteus,
functions, and its Life cycle
Vaccine - Characteristics and Types
of Vaccine
Malaria - Life cycle, Diagnosis,
Prevention, Treatment
LAC Operon - Definition, Structure,
Conditions, Regulations
Tryptophan (Trp) Operon - Definition,
Structure, Functions, Regulation
Bacterial Growth Curve - Phases,
Alterations of the cells
The Operon Concept - History,
Components of Operon
Antimicrobial Chemical Agents - 10
Important Agents
Measuring Effectiveness of
Antimicrobial Chemical Agents
Antibiotics - Development of
Antibiotics, Classification
Spontaneous Generation Theory
Explains the Origin of Life
Notes on Disproving Spontaneous
Generation - NotesHippo
Theory of Biogenesis Definition and
Examples - NotesHippo
Role of Microbes in Industrial
Products
10 common Virus Disease in Humans
Symptom, Prevention, Treatment
Anaerobic jars - Procedure, Catalyst, Indicator,
Disadvantage
Amoeba Locomotion - Simple Mechanism Of Amoeba Locomotion
Locomotion in Bacteria - Flagellar, Spirochetal,
Gliding movement
Experiments in support and against
Spontaneous Generation
Simple Staining Technique –
Definition, Principle, Procedure
Eubacteria – Meaning, Types, and
Examples
Staphylococcus aureus - Biochemical
Test, Identification
Different Size, Shape and Arrangement
of Bacterial Cells
Pure Culture of Microorganisms - 5 Methods
Economic Importance of Fungi -
Positive and Negative Roles
Bacterial Spores - Definition,
Sporulation Stages, Germination, Uses
Methods for Isolating Pure Culture
Economic Importance of Fungi in
Industry
Economic Importance of Fungi in
Medicine
Three Domain System of Classification
Opportunistic Microorganisms with
Examples
Catalase Test: Principle, Procedure,
Types, Results, Limitations
Urease Test: Principle. Procedure,
Results, Limitations
MacConkey agar – Principle,
Applications, Preparation
Benedict’s test - Principle,
Procedure, Result Interpretation
Methyl Red test – Principle,
Reagents, Procedure, Interpretation
Acid fast staining – Principle,
Procedure, Steps, Results
Capsule Staining – Introduction,
Principle, Procedure, Results
Voges Proskauer Test – Principle,
Procedure, Results
Indole Test – Principle, Procedure,
Result, Interpretation
Phenol Red Fermentation Test –
Principle, Procedure, Interpretation
Mannitol Salt Agar - Principle,
Composition, Procedure, Results
Coagulase Test – Principle,
Procedure, Result, Limitations
Hanging Drop Method Protocol for
Bacterial Motility
Heat and Alcohol Smear Fixation
Protocol for Bacterial Culture
Pyruvate Broth Test - Principle,
Procedure, Interpretation, Uses
Butyrate Disk Test – Principle,
Procedure, Interpretation, and Limitations
Leucine Amino Peptidase (LAP) Test -
Principle, Procedure, Result
Lipase Test - Principle, Procedure,
Result, Applications
Beta Lactamase Test - Principle,
Procedure, Result Interpretation
Starch Casein Agar - Principle,
Composition, Preparation, Applications
MRS Broth Test - Principle,
Procedure, Result, Interpretation
Nitrate Reduction Test – Principle,
Procedure, Result, Interpretation
Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA) Test
-Principle, Procedure
Simmons Citrate Agar - Principle,
Procedure, Result, Limitations
Nutrient Agar - Principle,
Composition, Applications, Limitations
Gelatin Hydrolysis Test - Principle,
Procedure, Results, Applications
PYR test - Principle, Procedure,
Results and Limitations
Blood Agar - Principle, Composition,
Preparation, and Applications
Oxidase Test Protocol - Principle,
Procedure, Reagents, Result
Albert stain - Principle, Procedure,
Applications, and Limitations
Simple Stain - Principle, Materials,
Procedure, Result
Carbohydrate Fermentation Test -
Principle, Procedure
Negative Staining - Principle,
Procedure, Result observation
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Production
Test: Principle, Procedure
OF Test (Oxidative Fermentation
Test): Principle, Procedure
DNase Test - Principle, Procedure
Novobiocin Susceptibility Test –
Principle, Procedure, Results
Ames test - Principle, Procedure,
Observation, Advantages
Starch Hydrolysis Test - Principle,
Procedure, Results, Uses
Spread Plate Method - Principle,
Procedure, Uses, Limitations
Litmus Milk Medium Test - Principle,
Procedure, Result
Kligler Iron Agar - Principle,
Procedure, Results, Uses
Casein Hydrolysis Test - Principle,
Procedure, Result
Serial Dilution - Definition, Procedure, Calculation,
Uses
Gene: Definition, Structure, Simple
and Complex Transcription
Difference between Coding and
Non-Coding DNA
Eukaryotic Chromosomes – Structure,
Organization, Components
Mobile DNA - Mobile Genetic Elements
in Human Genome
DNA Mutation – Definition, Causes,
Consequences, Types
Meselson and Stahl Experiment - Mode
of DNA Replication
DNA Replication Enzymes - Structure,
Function
DNA Replication - Definition,
Enzymes, Steps, Mechanism
DNA Transcription – Definition,
Steps, Post-transcriptional Modifications
Purine and Pyrimidine Bases of
Nucleic Acids
Nucleosides and Nucleotides -
Structure and Properties
The Operon Concept - History,
Components of Operon
Cell Cycle – Definition, Phases,
Regulation, Checkpoints
LAC Operon - Definition, Structure,
Conditions, Regulations
Tryptophan (Trp) Operon - Definition,
Structure, Functions, Regulation
RT-PCR - Principle, Reagents, and
Procedure
Virus, Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic
Chromosomes - NotesHippo
Polytene Chromosomes - Definition,
History, Structure, Functions
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA): Structure,
Chargaff's Rule
Genes: Definition, Mechanism,
Structure, characteristics, Functions
RNA Isolation Protocol - Principle,
Reagents, Procedure, Concentration
RNA Isolation Protocol - Principle,
Reagents, Procedure, Concentration
RNA Processing Events - 5' Cap,
Poly-A Tail, Splicing
Patch-Clamp Technique - Principle, Configurations, Types,
Applications
Mitotic Phase of Cell Cycle - Mitosis
and Cytokinesis
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans
mRNA Processing Steps in Eukaryotes
Importance of Taxonomy, Rules,
Identifying Characteristics
Structure of Amoeba Proteus,
functions, and its Life cycle
Meiosis in grasshopper testis -
Identification of different stage
Ocular Micrometer and Stage
Micrometer
Internal Anatomy of Earthworm Diagram
8 Characteristics of Life biology:
Defining characteristics
Reproductive System of an Earthworm,
Copulation, Cocoon formation
Digestive System in Frogs and
Physiology of Digestion
Urogenital System of Frog Explained
with Diagram
Economic Importance of Earthworm
Digestive System of Earthworms and
Physiology of Digestion
Circulatory System of Earthworms
Morphology and Anatomy of Frogs
Reproductive System of Frog - Male and Female Frog
Pseudocoelomate Animals - Definition
and Examples
Incomplete Metamorphosis - Stages and Examples
Classification of Living Organisms
Animal locomotion - Lower Animals,
Higher Animals and Plants
3 Types of Heterotrophic Nutrition
Process Of Nutrition in Animals -
Definition, Types
Asexual Reproduction Explained With Examples
How Do Frogs Breathe On Land And In
Water?
Lac Insect Culture - Cultivation,
Types, and Uses
Fish By-products and Their Uses
Poisonous and Non-Poisonous Snakes
Difference
Developmental Stages of Chick Embryo
Zoology
Types of Scales in Fishes with
Diagram
Reproduction in Protozoa with Diagram
Bombyx Mori Biology and Life Cycle
(Mulberry Silkworm)
External Morphology of Bombyx Mori
Sexual Vs Asexual Reproduction
Scientific Investigation Steps in
Order
Difference between Heterotrophs and
Autotrophs
Herbivores, Omnivores, and Carnivores
Animals
Levels of Organization of Living
Things in Order
Human Body Cavities and Their Organs
Protista Kingdom Classification
Types of Microorganisms and Their
Characteristics
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